钢铁企业排放的烟气及厂区土壤中二噁英类污染研究

对国内某钢铁企业厂区内土壤和烧结厂排放烟气中二噁英类物质进行了采样研究,得出土壤中二噁英类物质浓度范围是1.05~6.91pgⅠ-TEQ/g,平均值为3.22pgⅠ-TEQ/g;烟气中的浓度范围是0.23~0.48 ngⅠ-TEQ/Nm3,平均值为0.32 ngⅠ-TEQ/Nm3,给出了土壤和烟气中二噁英类物质形态分布特点,并根据形态分布存在的相似性推断出土壤中二噁英类物质主要来源于烧结厂烟气的排放。     

成都市郊区域农田中土壤镉形态研究

农田土壤是镉生态循环的重要介质，所含镉对人体健康的危害不可忽视。镉在土壤中以多种形态存在．可划分为水溶态、离子交换态，碳酸盐结合态、Fe及Mn氧化物结合态，有机结合态、残留态。不同存在形态镉的生物有效性各不相同，因而对环境和人体健康造成的影响也存在差异。水溶态镉，离子交换态镉具有很高的生物有效性。碳酸盐结合态镉在弱酸性条件下生物有效性较高，Fe及Mn氧化物结合态镉、有机结合态镉、残留态镉生物有效性很低。本研究采用连续提取法和原子吸收法对成都市某郊区基本农田的35份土壤样品中各形态镉进行了提取和测定。结果表明。成都市某郊区农田土壤的镉污染状况较为严重，37．14％的土壤含高生物有效性的水溶态镉或离子交换态镉。土壤中水溶态镉、离子交换态镉的存在与环境污染有密切联系。Fe及Mn氧化物结合态镉，有机结合态镉、残留态镉的存在受耕作因素和成土母质影响较大。     

日本土壤环境质量标准的制定

介绍了日本土壤污染现状，土壤环境标准的制定及其规定的制样方法，并进一步探讨了我国土壤环境质量标准制定中需注意的几个问题。     

公路交通对土壤铅污染预测评价

推导给出了公路交通对土壤铅污染的预测计算模式，分析了采用该模式预测土壤中铅含量时可能出现的3种不同结果，即高于、等于或低于背景值及其判别条件。结合中国公路交通的实际情况，论证了在不考虑非公路污染源时，公路交通引起土壤中铅累积量在营运近期将低于土壤背景值。认为合理确定非公路污染源强度、铅沉降面积及铅残留系数是影响预测评价土壤铅污染的主要因素。     

城市污泥及其堆肥施用对通菜中有机污染物的累积效应

在水稻土上施用城市污泥及其堆肥盆栽通菜,应用GC／MS联机检测技术对植株中8类共44种有机污染物进行系统分析。结果表明,通菜中检出28种有机化合物,主要是邻苯二甲酸酯类、硝基苯类和多环芳烃类化合物。各类污染物均以个别或少数化合物为主,其它化合物的含量低得多或未检出。施用污泥的通菜中有机污染物的含量普遍较高,是空白对照的数倍至数10倍,而施用各种污泥堆肥的通菜中有机污染物的含量普遍较低,甚至低于空白对照,尤其是施用污泥加牛粪堆肥的通菜中仅检出1种化合物。因此,污泥直接施用可能导致作物中有机污染物的吸收累积,需经适当的堆肥处理后施用才较为安全。     

磁河流域污染物在包气带中赋存规律研究

通过对河北平原磁河流域包气带不同深度取样并对污染物含量的测定 ,确定了主要污染物及其在包气带中的分布规律。结果表明 :包气带可以将有机质吸附、降解 ;Cr(Ⅵ )和Cl-迁移能力强 ;SO4 2 -浓度较低 ;NH4 -N虽然在包气带中能够得到一定的降解 ,但由于其浓度较高 ,降解不完全 ,可能已对包气带构成污染     

Post-war levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in air from Serbia determined by active and passive sampling methods

For the duration of the war accident in former Yugoslavia, several industrial and military targets were burnt and damaged, resulting in a significant release of persistent organic pollutants. Locations heavily targeted in the attacks were later defined by UNEP as four “hot spots”: Kragujevac, Novi Sad, Pancevo and Bor. We analyzed concentration levels of pollutants collected in 2004 and 2005 in air samples from the city of Kragujevac, Serbia, following the war accident of 1999. Pollutants included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE), dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane (DDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). We present results obtained during air sampling campaign conducted in July 2004 by the active sampling method; and during September 2004–June 2005 by the passive sampling method. Our findings show the occurrence of residual quantities of DDT, HCH, PCBs and PAHs in air samples. High levels of PCBs are probably due to the destruction of transformers during the war accident.     

Urban geochemical mapping studies: how and why we do them

Geochemical mapping is a technique rooted in mineral exploration but has now found worldwide application in studies of the urban environment. Such studies, involving multidisciplinary teams including geochemists, have to present their results in a way that nongeochemists can comprehend. A legislatively driven demand for urban geochemical data in connection with the need to identify contaminated land and subsequent health risk assessments has given rise to a greater worldwide interest in the urban geochemical environment. Herein, the aims and objectives of some urban studies are reviewed and commonly used terms such as baseline and background are defined. Geochemists need to better consider what is meant by the term urban. Whilst the unique make up of every city precludes a single recommended approach to a geochemical mapping strategy, more should be done to standardise the sampling and analytical methods. How (from a strategic and presentational point of view) and why we do geochemical mapping studies is discussed.

Size fractionation and characterization of nanocolloidal particles in soils

A protocol was developed to fractionate soil particles down to the nanocolloid scale by combining sieving, sedimentation, centrifugation, and cross-flow filtration (CFF). The validity of the method and the performance of the CFF system were tested by characterizing fractions using laser granulometry, electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The 0.1-μm-pore-size membrane CFF system effectively retained nanocolloids (<0.1 μm) as shown by laser granulometry and observed directly by transmission electron microscopy. However, environmental scanning electron microscopy images of freeze-dried colloids were very different from their TEM counterparts, suggesting that sample preparation influenced microscopy imaging. Chemical analysis of Cu, Cd, and organic carbon in each fraction showed that the concentrations of these components increased as particle size decreased, indicating colloids and nanocolloids play an important role in retaining trace metals. Particle-size fractionation combined with chemical analysis and electron microscopy can provide insight into the nature and properties of nanocolloids in soil.     

流动注射-化学发光流通池芯片及其在环境污染物测定中的应用

1　IntroductionMiniaturizationofanalyticalsystemhasbeenpaidmuchattentiontointherecentyearsforitsobviousadvantages:fastanalysis,portability,reducedconsumptionofreagentsandimprovingper formance .Suchdeviceisso calledaslaboratory on a chip[1 ],whichistheinte…